Donald Buss
Jealousy may be biologically based:
Women’s patterns of jealousy may vary through their menstrual cycle: during menstruation, when oestrogen levels are low, women are more sexually jealous, and during ovulation, when oestrogen levels are high, women tend to be more emotionally jealous. When menstruating, women fear that the man will seek out other females to mate with since she is unable to mate at the time, and during ovulation, since she is capable of having a child, she fears the male will develop and emotional attachment to another female and thus jeopardize the security of her child.
---- restaurant experiment
Simon LeVay
Difference in average size of the third Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus (NAH3) between heterosexual and homosexual men: NAH3 in heterosexual men was more than twice the size of that of homosexual men. NAH3 of homosexual men was the same size as that of women.
-Reductionist
-Post mortem study
Use as example of:
--methods: quasi-experiment
Paul Broca
People suffering from damage in the left frontal lobe of the brain – now called Broca’s area – were unable to understand and make grammatically complex sentences. His patients had problems using speech, but were able to understand it. This condition is now known as Broca’s aphasia.
Case study – Tan (all he could say)
Use as example of:
--
Florins and Lashley
Disproved Atkinson & Shiffrin’s theory of the multi-store model of memory.
A cat was taught to go through a T-maze. Its brain was then damaged through lesioning, the brain being damaged bit by bit as they tried to damage “enrons” that were in theory responsible for storing memory.
After lesioning, the cat continued to remember the was out of the T-maze, but slower after each lesioning. Proved that memory was not localized.
Use as example of:
--ethical considerations: irreversible damage to the cats (pain, etc)
W. Greenough
Rats
2 cages: one was a “fun”, the other “boring”
Rat in the fun cage had a larger frontal cortex.
Use as example of:
--neuroplasticity
Fred Gage
Role of dopamine on parkinsons – alleviates symptoms
Joe Martinez
Rats in a T-maze
Use as example of:
--basic assumptions: use animals to understand human beings
--key concepts: neurotransmission
--method: experiment
The Phineas Gage case study
In 1848, at the age of 25, Phineas Gage was trying to blast through a rocky cliff, when an explosion sent a metal pole through his skull. The iron rod entered his left cheek, pierced the base of the skull, went through the front of his brain, and exited through the top of his head. The pole landed a hundred feet away covered in blood and brains. Gage was awake and alert, and was carried, sitting upright, to the local hotel on an ox cart.
Although he had lost vision in his left eye, the vision in his right was perfect. He had no noticeable difficulty with speech or language, and suffered no paralysis. Yet, the balance between his intellectual abilities and emotional control was destroyed, which became apparent as soon as the wounds had healed. He became agitated and irreverent, and induged at times in the grossest profanity which had previously not been his custom. He was impatient and indulgent, and although he could make plans for his future, he could not follow through with them. He was described by the doctor as “a child in his intellectual capacity, but with animal passions of a strong man”. Due to his use of shocking pornographic language women were advised not to stay in his presence for long.
This shows that the brain (frontal lobe) does in fact affect personality and social behaviors. Personality is localized, frontal lobe is important for planning and decision making.
Use as example of:
--
Gorsky
To investigate the role of hormones on sexual behavior:
Injected female rates with testosterone, the male reproductive hormone.
Rats started mounting other female rats.
As the testosterone levels in the rats increased after the injection, the female rats adopted male behavior – hormones are responsible for gender-based behavior.
Use as example of:
--
Wedekind
Dirty T-shirt study:
Role of genes related to the immune system (major histocompatability complex – MHC) in mate selection.
MHC genes are codominant – both sets of inherited genes have an effect on the immune system of the child. Thus, the more diverse the MHC genes of the parents, the stronger the immune system of the child. Therefore it would be beneficial, evolutionarily, to be able to recognize individuals with different MHC genes and selecting them as mates.
Recruited a group of 49 women and 44 men who had a wide range of MHC genes.
Each man received a clean T-shirt and was asked to wear it for two nights. They were also supplied with odour-free soap and aftershave and were forbidden to eat spicy food.
When the shirts were returned, each was placed in a cardboard box with a sniffing hole on top. Then women returned at the midpoint of their menstrual cycle, when their sense of smell would be keenest, and were each presented with a different set of 7 boxes. Three of the boxes contained t-shirts from men with similar MHC genes, and one contained an clean t-shirt, as a control. The women were asked to rate each shirt as pleasant or unpleasant.
--Basic assumption: behavior is determined by evolution
Tiffany Field
Tough therapy: newborn babies (premies)
Newborns had a daily 40 min long massage
Gained more weight
Demasio on memory
Neurons
Jealousy may be biologically based:
Women’s patterns of jealousy may vary through their menstrual cycle: during menstruation, when oestrogen levels are low, women are more sexually jealous, and during ovulation, when oestrogen levels are high, women tend to be more emotionally jealous. When menstruating, women fear that the man will seek out other females to mate with since she is unable to mate at the time, and during ovulation, since she is capable of having a child, she fears the male will develop and emotional attachment to another female and thus jeopardize the security of her child.
---- restaurant experiment
Simon LeVay
Difference in average size of the third Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus (NAH3) between heterosexual and homosexual men: NAH3 in heterosexual men was more than twice the size of that of homosexual men. NAH3 of homosexual men was the same size as that of women.
-Reductionist
-Post mortem study
Use as example of:
--methods: quasi-experiment
Paul Broca
People suffering from damage in the left frontal lobe of the brain – now called Broca’s area – were unable to understand and make grammatically complex sentences. His patients had problems using speech, but were able to understand it. This condition is now known as Broca’s aphasia.
Case study – Tan (all he could say)
Use as example of:
--
Florins and Lashley
Disproved Atkinson & Shiffrin’s theory of the multi-store model of memory.
A cat was taught to go through a T-maze. Its brain was then damaged through lesioning, the brain being damaged bit by bit as they tried to damage “enrons” that were in theory responsible for storing memory.
After lesioning, the cat continued to remember the was out of the T-maze, but slower after each lesioning. Proved that memory was not localized.
Use as example of:
--ethical considerations: irreversible damage to the cats (pain, etc)
W. Greenough
Rats
2 cages: one was a “fun”, the other “boring”
Rat in the fun cage had a larger frontal cortex.
Use as example of:
--neuroplasticity
Fred Gage
Role of dopamine on parkinsons – alleviates symptoms
Joe Martinez
Rats in a T-maze
Use as example of:
--basic assumptions: use animals to understand human beings
--key concepts: neurotransmission
--method: experiment
The Phineas Gage case study
In 1848, at the age of 25, Phineas Gage was trying to blast through a rocky cliff, when an explosion sent a metal pole through his skull. The iron rod entered his left cheek, pierced the base of the skull, went through the front of his brain, and exited through the top of his head. The pole landed a hundred feet away covered in blood and brains. Gage was awake and alert, and was carried, sitting upright, to the local hotel on an ox cart.
Although he had lost vision in his left eye, the vision in his right was perfect. He had no noticeable difficulty with speech or language, and suffered no paralysis. Yet, the balance between his intellectual abilities and emotional control was destroyed, which became apparent as soon as the wounds had healed. He became agitated and irreverent, and induged at times in the grossest profanity which had previously not been his custom. He was impatient and indulgent, and although he could make plans for his future, he could not follow through with them. He was described by the doctor as “a child in his intellectual capacity, but with animal passions of a strong man”. Due to his use of shocking pornographic language women were advised not to stay in his presence for long.
This shows that the brain (frontal lobe) does in fact affect personality and social behaviors. Personality is localized, frontal lobe is important for planning and decision making.
Use as example of:
--
Gorsky
To investigate the role of hormones on sexual behavior:
Injected female rates with testosterone, the male reproductive hormone.
Rats started mounting other female rats.
As the testosterone levels in the rats increased after the injection, the female rats adopted male behavior – hormones are responsible for gender-based behavior.
Use as example of:
--
Wedekind
Dirty T-shirt study:
Role of genes related to the immune system (major histocompatability complex – MHC) in mate selection.
MHC genes are codominant – both sets of inherited genes have an effect on the immune system of the child. Thus, the more diverse the MHC genes of the parents, the stronger the immune system of the child. Therefore it would be beneficial, evolutionarily, to be able to recognize individuals with different MHC genes and selecting them as mates.
Recruited a group of 49 women and 44 men who had a wide range of MHC genes.
Each man received a clean T-shirt and was asked to wear it for two nights. They were also supplied with odour-free soap and aftershave and were forbidden to eat spicy food.
When the shirts were returned, each was placed in a cardboard box with a sniffing hole on top. Then women returned at the midpoint of their menstrual cycle, when their sense of smell would be keenest, and were each presented with a different set of 7 boxes. Three of the boxes contained t-shirts from men with similar MHC genes, and one contained an clean t-shirt, as a control. The women were asked to rate each shirt as pleasant or unpleasant.
--Basic assumption: behavior is determined by evolution
Tiffany Field
Tough therapy: newborn babies (premies)
Newborns had a daily 40 min long massage
Gained more weight
Demasio on memory
Neurons
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